카지노 토토 crystal resonators and light emitters

Characteristics of electrically-driven single-cell 카지노 토토 crystal lasers operating at room temperature are discussed. Modified 카지노 토토 crystal structures that enable highly-efficient photon out-coupling from the wavelength-scale cavity are to be introduced. The vertical beaming scheme and the all-fiber coupling scheme are discussed in detail, showing the possibility of high optical coupling efficiency in excess of 80%.